What type of speciation is characterized by peripheral populations becoming geographically isolated and undergoing genetic divergence?

The correct answer pertains to peripatric speciation, which occurs when a small segment of a population becomes geographically isolated from the main group, often due to a change in environment or distance. This isolation typically happens at the edges or periphery of the population's range. As the isolated group adapts to its own specific environment, genetic divergence can occur due to mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. Over time, these changes can lead to the formation of a new species that is distinct from the original population.

In contrast, sympatric speciation occurs without geographic isolation, where new species arise from populations that live in the same area but exploit different niches or breeding behaviors. Parapatric speciation involves populations that are adjacent but not completely isolated and experience some level of gene flow while also undergoing divergent evolution. Allopatric speciation, on the other hand, involves a complete geographic separation of populations, allowing for divergence in isolation over time.

Understanding these distinctions highlights the unique mechanisms and conditions under which peripatric speciation occurs, emphasizing the role of peripheral populations in the evolutionary process.