What type of speciation results from geographical isolation between populations?

Allopatric speciation occurs when populations of a species become geographically isolated from one another, preventing them from interbreeding. This geographic separation can be caused by various factors, such as the formation of mountains, rivers, or other barriers, which divide a population into distinct groups. Over time, the isolated populations may undergo genetic changes due to natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift, leading to the development of different traits. As these changes accumulate, the populations may diverge to the point where they can no longer interbreed even if they come back into contact, resulting in the formation of new species.

The other types of speciation mentioned in the question—parapatric, sympatric, and peripatric—occur through different mechanisms. Parapatric speciation involves populations that are partially geographically separated but still have some level of contact, often leading to hybrid zones. Sympatric speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated without geographical barriers, often through mechanisms such as polyploidy or behavioral isolation. Peripatric speciation is similar to allopatric speciation but typically involves a small population that becomes isolated at the edge of a larger population's range. Each of these mechanisms does not primarily rely on geographical isolation, distinguishing them